MAPK3 and ischemia: Studies on ischemia in the myocardium propose that a “RISK path” (reperfusion injury salvage kinases) that includes ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT, PKC, and PKG has a protective effect against IP.38 Zhang et al.39 reported IP could reduce ischemia/reperfusion-induced cell apoptosis by activating the ERK signaling pathway and inhibiting Rho-kinase activity.