Comparative analysis within Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) indicated that IFNγ, LPS, IL-1β, TLR4, TNF and STAT1 were amongst the highest scoring and significant upstream regulators predicted to be activated during infection (with activation z scores ranging from 2.89 to 9.5 and p values from ~10-5 to 10-48), whereas IL-10RA and TRIM24 were upstream regulators that were predicted to be down regulated (z scores of ~-4 to -9 and p values from 10-7 to 10-35;Figure 3B). Here, TNF is linked to infection.