TNF and infection: By GSEA, we identified 20–24 hallmark gene sets that were associated with infection over the time course of infection (using a conservative threshold of 5% FDR); these enriched gene sets showed a high level of concordance and included allograft rejection, inflammatory response, IFNγ and IFNα signalling, TNF- , IL-2- and IL-6-related signalling pathways, pathways related to cell cycle, apoptosis, and complement Several were also found associated with the response to infection in the spleen (Table 1 andFigure 8).