Similarly Kamada et al. reported an increase in IL-6, TNF, and IL-23 producing CD14+CD33+ cells in UC/CD surgical resection specimens compared to controls, with both Thiesen et al. (combined small and large intestine samples) and Magnusson et al. (discrete small and large intestine samples) reporting increased CD14HiHLA-DRInt cells in active vs. quiescent IBD and healthy controls (11, 12, 14). Here, TNF is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.