Together, the above evidence strongly suggests that Panx1 HCs are involved in epilepsy pathophysiology, probably mediating the release of astroglial purines (likely ATP) and thereby activating the P2Y1Rs in neighboring astrocytes, being the pathway underlying the astroglial hyperexcitability pattern and upregulating glutamate gliotransmission that increases excitatory neurotransmission in kindled rats (Álvarez-Ferradas et al., 2015). The gene discussed is PANX1; the disease is epilepsy.