These alterations were also identified in AD pathogenesis: JNK activation and IRS1 inhibition are present in the hippocampus of AD transgenic mice and cynomolgus monkeys after intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of Aβ oligomers (Ma et al., 2009; Forny-Germano et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and Alzheimer disease.