Additionally, anti-diabetic drugs exerts beneficial effects on cognition, synapse protection, insulin signaling deficits, and other AD-related pathological mechanisms, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and chronic inflammation (Lourenco et al., 2013; Sebastião et al., 2014; Batista et al., 2018; Tai et al., 2018). Here, INS is linked to Alzheimer disease.