IARS1 and Alzheimer disease: It is mediated by TNF-α activation and IRS inhibition and has major impact on synaptic dysfunction, impaired synaptic plasticity, and synapse loss (Townsend et al., 2007; De Felice et al., 2009; Bomfim et al., 2012; Batista et al., 2018) Remarkably, our group found that icv injection of Aβ oligomers also induce peripheral glucose intolerance with classic hallmarks of peripheral insulin resistance, a process also observed in transgenic AD mice models(Clarke et al., 2015) and that may underlie increased risk for diabetes in AD (Janson et al., 2004).