ATM and Fanconi anemia: DNA repair pathways can be affected by HPV oncoproteins, resulting in the inactivation of important groups of genes, such as base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), DNA mismatch repair (MMR), microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), Fanconi anemia (FA), ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and the ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) genes 58.