GRK2 and hydrops fetalis: In addition, several studies have demonstrated that expression and activity of cardiac GRK2 are significantly increased in the failing heart (Ungerer et al., 1993; Harris et al., 2001; Rengo et al., 2011; Sato et al., 2015), indicating that upregulation of GRK2 plays a pivotal role in the HF associated with the dysfunction of βAR-mediated signaling.