Impaired induction of IFN-dependent genes were shown in AOM-DSS-treated colons of MyD88−/− compared to WT mice, which could only be partially explained by defective IL-18 signalling, suggesting that additional TLR/IL-1 signalling pathways, such as IL-1β, may contribute to the protective effect of MyD88 during CAC [58]. Here, IL18 is linked to infectious otitis media.