All mice transplanted with adult NH9+ LSKs developed AML (Fig. 3a, b) characterised by intermediate CD11b and Gr-1 expression levels (i.e. overt AML distinct to myeloproliferative phenotype which was observed prior to clinical signs of AML and characterized by CD11bhiGr-1hi expression), with low or no expression of lymphoid markers CD19, B220, CD4 and CD8 (Fig. 3a, c) and positive staining for MPO by IHC (Fig. 3d). Here, CD19 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.