TNF and cysticercosis: In conclusion our data provide evidence that SGSTF is able to bind and activate macrophages to an M1-like phenotype with increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules as well as soluble factors (IL-12 and TNF) that are able to promote in T CD4+ murine cells a Th1-type response in vitro, which may be associated with the conferred protection against cysticercosis previously reported for this molecule.