Recent reports revealed that human autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy patients exhibiting Aire deficiency often develop high-affinity auto-antibodies against various inflammatory cytokines, including type I interferons, IL-17, IL-22 and defensins, possibly contributing to the amelioration of type I diabetes and increased susceptibility to mucocutaneous candidiasis and gastrointestinal autoimmunity (9, 54–56). Here, IL17A is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.