Persistent secretion of immunosuppressive factors, including interleukin (IL)-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β from the tumor, inhibits lymphocyte activity, and release of colony-stimulating factor-1 and IL-10 leads to activation and M2-type polarization of microglia.65 Additional secreted factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; along with IL-10), nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E, can inhibit dendritic and natural killer (NK) cells, respectively. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and neoplasm.