VCAM1 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: 1994; Wallby et al. 2002; Aikawa et al. 2007; Steiner et al. 2012). The recruitment of immune cells is thought to be caused by upregulation of cell adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by oxLDL, and by endothelial damage (Ghaisas et al. 2000; Miller et al. 2011). In addition to T cells and monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, and mast cells are involved in the progression of CAVD through interactions between VICs and VECs, leading to inflammation and calcification, and thereby worsening CAVD (Weiss et al. 2013; Mathieu et al. 2015; Lee and Choi 2016).