CCL2 and bacterial sexually transmitted disease: In fallopian tube explants, TNFα and IL-1β, as well as the inflammatory cytokines/chemokines IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β,CCL4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are made in response to gonococcal infection and detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after as little as 3 h (44, 45).