Cultured epithelial cell lines (HeLa, SiHa, HT-29, SW620, and primary endocervical) infected with Ct secrete proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, GM-CSF, and GROα/CXCL1), but cytokine secretion is delayed until 20–24 h post-infection, after lysing cells release IL-1α (102). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and infection.