Although many studies have documented increased expression of TNFα in different neuropsychiatric diseases, for example schizophrenia, depressive disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, only a few have evaluated TNFα in serum/plasma or following stimulation of immune cells in ASD, and the results are often conflicting (3, 4, 21–36). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.