This is the first study to our knowledge to show that pyroptosis is involved in isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in aged mice and that inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 ameliorates the neuroinflammation, pyroptosis, neuronal damage, and cognitive impairment caused by isoflurane anesthesia in these mice. The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is Cognitive impairment.