To investigate the clinical relevance of our findings, the protein levels of CCRK, p-GSK3βSer9, GSK3β, p-mTORSer2448, mTOR, p-4E-BP1Thr37/46, 4E-BP1, p-S6KThr389, S6K, mSREBP1, G-CSF, p-STAT3Tyr705, STAT3, and AR were examined by Western blot (Fig. 7a) in 23 pairs of human NASH-associated HCCs with neither viral hepatitis nor alcoholic liver disease (Supplementary Table 1). Here, CSF3 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.