Owing to the dichotomous nature of TGF-β acting as both a tumor suppressor and a significant stimulator of tumor progression, depending on the cell types in which it is activated, TGF-β treatment or TGF-β downregulation can be used to induce normal cell death or cancer cell death, respectively, of the epithelium through the same signaling pathway. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.