In contrast, few ROS were generated in A375 cells after knockdown of TGF-β2 or in HPAC cells after knockdown of TGF-β1 or TGF-β2, and ROS were barely detectable in normal pancreatic cells after TGF-β downregulation (Fig. 1f), which was primarily derived from low infection efficiency in normal pancreatic cells (data not shown). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and infection.