LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Leptin stimulates the release of IL-1β in the hypothalamus [47] while a HFD does not appear to upregulate IL-1β in this brain area [17] but IL-1β does increase in the periphery in obesity [48] indicating a more complex relationship between HFD, IL-1β and serpinA3N upregulation.