INS and dementia: However, the fact that exendin-4 and insulin effectively and adequately delivered to the brain via intranasal administration have the potential to activate insulin signaling (Fig. 4) and improve severe cognitive dysfunction (Fig. 6) showed the advantage of our strategy in being a versatile method for treating various types of dementia, including Lewy body- and vascular-types and frailty, via an Aβ-independent pathway.