The high glucose or low insulin levels in T1DM were found to reduce the level of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in osteoblasts, which might, in turn, downregulate the expression of β-catenin through the IGF-1R/AKT/GSK3β pathway11,18. The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.