Further experiments demonstrated that in T1DM mice, trabecular bone showed lower levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) than the levels in cortical bone, leading to lower WNT/β-catenin signaling activity through the inhibition of the IGF-1R/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) pathway. The gene discussed is IGF1R; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.