HNF4A and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The expressions of these genes were downregulated in both the trabecular and cortical bone in the T1DM mice, and the reductions in the expression of β-catenin, LEF1, TCF, and Axin2 were more striking in the trabecular bone (45%, 38%, 52%, and 48%, respectively) than those in the cortical bone (20%, 22%, 11%, and 25%, respectively) (Fig. 2a).