CCN2 and cholangiocarcinoma: They demonstrated that HPCs orchestrate the actions of myofibroblasts, immune cells, cytokines, matricellular proteins, and inflammatory proteins in HPCs niche through the expression of specialized CCN (cysteine-rich angiogenic protein 61 or CCN1; CTGF, or CCN2; nephroblastoma overexpressed or CCN3) proteins, in order to promote HPCs differentiation and CCA development.