For benign tumours, TREM1 signalling, dendritic cell maturation, Integrin linked kinase (ILK) signalling pathway etc., were amongst the top activated canonical pathways, while top inhibited pathways were related to cell cycle regulation, complement system and neuroprotective role of THOP1 in Alzheimer's disease (Fig 5A and Table 2). Here, ILK is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.