TNF and cancer: To mitigate the systemic toxicity associated with TNF, our group demonstrated in a phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced solid cancers that CYT-6091, a PEGylated colloidal gold nanoparticle carrying recombinant human TNF, preferentially targets tumor tissue and had no dose-limiting toxicity at a dose 3-times higher than previous clinical trials in cancer patients treated with systemically administered recombinant human TNF.