The aims of the current study were to examine associations of H. pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) sero-prevalence, CagA IgG sero-positivity and serum PGs, as non-invasive markers of atrophic gastritis, with two outcome variables: haemoglobin levels (continuous variable) and anaemia, in a population-based sample of adult men and women. The gene discussed is S100A8; the disease is chronic atrophic gastritis.