TSPAN1 and cholangiocarcinoma: Laminin 5, the ligand of integrin α6β1, was used to activate the integrin α6β1 downstream signaling, and the results showed that CCLP1-TSPAN1 cells exhibited higher activity levels of AKT at different times (Fig. 8b) [26, 27] Taken together, these observations suggested that TSPAN1 promoted the PI3K/AKT pathway by binding with integrin α6β1 in CCA cells.