IRF7 and infection: Although it is unknown whether infection with rhabdoviruses modulates global cellular SUMOylation, infection with a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) promotes the SUMOylation of several cellular proteins such as the Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) 3 and IRF7 [24] as well as p53 [25], phosphatase, the tensin homolog deleted for chromosome 10 (PTEN) [26], and the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) [27].