NPM1 and acute myeloid leukemia: In the cohort of one thousand five hundred and forty AML analyzed by Papaemmanuil and colleagues [2], among those mutated for NPM1, the most frequently-associated mutated genes were CHIP mutations—DNMT3A which was found mutated 54% of the time and TET2 in 16% of cases—, and mutations in tyrosine-kinase and RAS pathways genes, which were found in 39% of cases for FLT3, in 19% for NRAS, and 15% for PTPN11. Through variant allele frequency (VAF) analysis, the order of mutations showed that CHIP mutations appeared first, followed by NPM1, and then by mutations in signaling pathway genes.