INS and Insulin resistance: Alternatively, the differences may be attributed to patient characteristics: firstly, the patients enrolled in the present study were younger (30.5 (27.0–33.0) years) than those included in previous studies (48.0 ± 1.5 years and 62.01 ± 8.67 years) and secondly, while the GDM and NGT groups in the present study demonstrated similar parameters of adiposity (i.e., pre-and pregnancy BMI, body weight gain) and insulin resistance (i.e., insulin level and HOMA-IR), the insulin resistant subjects in the de Kreutzenberg study [13] and the Song study [28] presented increased BMI.