Interestingly, Gremlin1 has also been postulated to have a BMP‐independent role in differentially modulating angiogenesis dependent upon its dimeric state via binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2)21 and is associated in renal development and upregulated in fibrotic conditions of the kidney, lung22, 23 and rheumatoid arthritis.24 This evidence concerns the gene KDR and rheumatoid arthritis.