VEGFA and neoplasm: RCC is a highly vascularized malignancy and has been relatively resistant to traditional chemotherapy; therefore, the focus of current treatments relies in (i) cytokine-based immunotherapy (e.g., IFN-α), (ii) VEGF receptor-associated tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., sorafenib, sunitinib, and axitinib), (iii) anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, and (iv) mTORC1 inhibitors, taking into account their potential to simultaneously inhibit both tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis [122, 127].