For example, E2 upregulated growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible beta (GADD45B, GeneID 4616), whose activation stimulates apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in HCC [51], and both E2 and DPN downregulated teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1 (TDGF1, GeneID 6997) that promotes liver cancer development [52]. This evidence concerns the gene CRIPTO and hepatocellular carcinoma.