Although a pro-metastatic role for TGF-β signaling in the pathogenesis of human endometrial carcinoma has been proposed mostly based on the cell line invasion model, Gao et al. deleted both Tgfbr1 and Pten in the mouse uterus to identify the potential role of TGF-β signaling in endometrial carcinoma41. Here, TGFB1 is linked to endometrial carcinoma.