Hypothesizing that disease progression in Vk*MYC mice faithfully recapitulates MM progression in SMM patients, we retrospectively measured at SMM diagnosis IL-17 levels in the BM of a cohort of patients that rapidly progressed to MM (i.e., <3 years), and compared these data with those obtained from a cohort of SMM patients that did not progress to MM in the same time frame (Supplementary Table 1). Here, MYC is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.