In a small cohort study from Zambia (east Africa), the p.G2019S mutation was absent in 39 PD patients [11], as was the observation in another group of 54 PD patients and 46 controls from Ghana (west Africa).[12] In a study of 205 South African PD patients from varied backgrounds (42% Caucasian, 31% Afrikaner, 17% mixed ancestry, 8% Black and 2% Indian), LRRK2 p.G2019S mutation was not found in Afrikaner and Black South African patients. This evidence concerns the gene LRRK2 and Parkinson disease.