IL13 and infection: It is an established fact in the literature that Th2 cytokines, particularly IL‐4 and IL‐13, are critical for liver granuloma formation.18, 23, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34 Moreover, IL‐13 has been shown to be a master cytokine mediating fibrogenesis in tandem with other type 2 cytokines during schistosomiasis.35, 36 In support of this, we consistently found significantly reduced production of IL‐13 during both synchronous S. mansoni eggs footpad challenge and active infection in CD11ccreIL‐4Rα−/lox mice compared to littermate control mice.