CD4 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: The innate immune system is found to be strongly activated in DMD patients even before the onset of clinical symptoms; this activation includes accumulation of immune cell including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, macrophages, eosinophils, and natural killer T cells, altered signaling pathways via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and altered expressions for inflammatory cytokines and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (7).