DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Furthermore, de novo mutation rates in DMD may also have an ethnic component (23, 25) as demonstrated by Alcántara et al. (23), who report a higher frequency of de novo mutations in Mexican dystrophinopathies caused by deletion mutations (which occur at a rate of 62.2%), as well as by Sakthivel Murugan et al. (25) who report a high rate of de novo mutations (71%) in sporadic cases of DMD in an Indian population.