HMOX1 and endothelial dysfunction: Similarly, bioactive compounds such as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and isothiocyanates have been reported to counteract the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction, including upregulation of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response elements (HO-1, GCLC and GCLM) and downregulation of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin) via inhibition of NF-κB activation (Huang et al., 2013; Fratantonio et al., 2015).