VEGFA and cancer: Firstly, using a kidney cancer model that involves orthotopic implantation of the murine cancer cell line, RENCAluc, followed later by nephrectomies, we evaluated the combination of sunitinib+anti-PD-L1 vs. anti-VEGF+anti-PD-L1 in the adjuvant therapy setting, and further compared the sunitinib+anti-PD-L1 combination as primary tumour treatment vs. adjuvant treatment vs. late-stage treatment of advanced metastatic disease.