In a breast cancer model that involved surgical resection of primary breast tumours derived from orthotopic implantation of the EMT-6/CDDP cell line, anti-PD-L1 alone was highly effective as an adjuvant therapy, while the combination of anti-PD-L1 plus paclitaxel chemotherapy (with or without anti-VEGF) was found to be the most effective in the neoadjuvant therapy setting. Here, VEGFA is linked to breast carcinoma.