Secondly, using a breast cancer model that involves orthotopic implantation of the murine cancer cell line, EMT-6/CDDP, followed later by mastectomies, we evaluated anti-VEGF+anti-PD-L1 vs. paclitaxel (chemotherapy)+anti-PD-L1 vs. anti-VEGF+paclitaxel+anti-PD-L1 in the adjuvant as well as neoadjuvant therapy settings. Here, VEGFA is linked to cancer.