HK1 and squamous cell carcinoma: In the squamous carcinoma cell line SCC-9, ATF2 translocates to the mitochondria following genotoxic stress and disrupts the Hexokinase 1 (HK1)—Voltage dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) complex, thereby compromising mitochondrial membrane pore permeability and promoting apoptosis [12–14].