At 2 days after infection, EBV markedly induced expression of MYC, CD21, CD23, HES1, and BATF (Fig. 1A, positive controls) 10- to 20-fold, possibly through EBNA2 as reported previously (23, 24, 26, 27); in contrast, host housekeeping genes including β-2 microglobulin (B2M) and RNA polymerase II (POLR2A) were unaffected. Here, HES1 is linked to infection.