Our results showing significant increases in the proportion of CD4+FOXP3+HELIOS+ Treg cells in asymptomatic ANA+ individuals and patients with early SARD recapitulate recent findings in SLE and SjD [45, 47, 48], and collectively suggest that ongoing activation of T cell subsets in ANA+ individuals outstrips the capacity of Treg cells to regulate them. Here, FOXP3 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.