The overexpression and amplification of factors, like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), also aid in cancer progression by inhibiting infiltration of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and neutrophils into the TME to mount an anti-tumor immune response [37]. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.