CXCR4 and central nervous system cancer: Pham et al. suggested that the angiogenic response induced by vandetanib enhanced the migration and invasion tumoral through the activation of the TGFβ/TGFβR pathway, with the subsequent stimulation of CXCL12/CXCR4 in VEGFR-positive glioma cells, and that cotreatment with VEGFR, TGFβR, and CXCR4 inhibitors enhanced the therapeutic efficacy in glioblastoma patients [256].