MTOR and glioma: Vandetanib induces autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, whereas pharmacologic (chloroquine and 3-MA) or genetic (Beclin-1 and ATG7 knockdown) autophagy inhibition boosts the antineoplastic effect of vandetanib through apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway in glioma cell lines [251].