TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease: Astrocytic cell lines and human astrocytes respond with increased APP expression when exposed to TGFβ (Amara, Junaid, Clough, & Liang, 1999; Burton, Liang, Dibrov, & Amara, 2002; Gray & Patel, 1993), a cytokine which is associated with AD pathogenesis (Luedecking, DeKosky, Mehdi, Ganguli, & Kamboh, 2000).