VCAM1 and Peripheral arterial stenosis: Therefore, despite group differences in VCAM1 demonstrated in subjects with systemic vascular occlusive disease versus controls (Goetzl et al., 2017), as expected, we did not find differences in levels between participants with evidence of WMH and absence of vascular occlusive disease (e.g., lacunar strokes, angina, or myocardial infarctions) from controls.