TGFBR1 and cancer: Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), a multifunctional cytokine, combined it’s receptor (TGFBR1) plays biphasic role in carcinogenesis that, in early stages of cancer, it acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cellular proliferation or by promoting cellular differentiation and apoptosis; in later stages of cancer, however, it turns to be a tumor promoter by stimulating angiogenesis and cell motility, suppressing immune response, and increasing progressive invasion and metastasis [10–12].