Indeed, the few malignant tumors associated with NF1 patients, such as MPNST and breast cancer, have a low immunogenic potential61–63, and the cancer types with high mutation frequency for the NF1 gene that are not associated with NF1 patients, such as skin, lung, ovarian, melanoma, and bladder cancers, are highly immunogenic64,65. This evidence concerns the gene NF1 and urinary bladder cancer.