Furthermore, LY294002 and Wortmannin suppressed the in vitro VM formation of EBV-infected NPC cells (Fig. 5g and Supplementary Fig. 5c, bottom panel) in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 5h and Supplementary Fig. 5d), indicating the involvement of PI3K-AKT signaling in EBV-induced HIF-1α accumulation and VM formation. Here, HIF1A is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.