ZNF32 and neoplasm: Knockdown of GPER expression (ZNF32 shGPER + DMSO/vector shGPER + DMSO) led to a requirement for high cell numbers for tumour formation, and the tumour incidence was lower with the same cell numbers compared to the control groups (ZNF32 shGPER-NC + DMSO/vector shGPER-NC + DMSO) (Fig. 7f).