There was a significant increase in tumour volume in the ZNF32-over-expression group (ZNF32 shGPER-NC + DMSO) compared to the control breast cancer cell groups (vector shGPER-NC + DMSO) (Fig. 7c, d) and a significant decrease in tumour volume in the GPER-knockdown group (ZNF32 shGPER + DMSO/vector shGPER + DMSO) compared to the control groups (ZNF32 shGPER-NC + DMSO/vector shGPER-NC + DMSO) (Fig. 7c, d). Here, ZNF32 is linked to breast cancer.